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abstractionの種類
abstraction は“抽象概念”ですが、その言葉にはいろいろな意味があります。ごく一般的なabstractionという単語、コンピューターサイエンスでいうabstraction、数学でのabstraction、社会学でのそれ、そして、Water abstractionなど、それぞれでの意味を見てみましょう。
一般的にいう Abstraction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, typically in order to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to a ball retains only the information on general ball attributes and behaviour. Similarly, abstracting happiness to an emotional state reduces the amount of information conveyed about the emotional state. Computer scientists use abstraction to understand and solve problems and communicate their solutions with the computer in some particular computer language.
Abstraction (computer science)・・コンピューターサイエンス
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In computer science, abstraction is a mechanism and practice to reduce and factor out details so that one can focus on a few concepts at a time. The following English definition of abstraction helps to understand how this term applies to Computer Science, IT and Objects - i.e. abstraction is: * a concept or idea not associated with any specific instance The concept is by analogy with abstraction in mathematics. The mathematical technique of abstraction begins with mathematical definitions; this has the fortunate effect of finessing some of the vexing philosophical issues of abstraction. For example, in both computing and in mathematics, numbers are concepts in the programming languages, as founded in mathematics. Implementation details depend on the hardware and software, but this is not a restriction because the computing concept of number is still based on the mathematical concept. Roughly speaking, abstraction can be either that of control or data. Control abstraction is the abstraction of actions while data abstraction is that of data structures (e.g. datatypes [vectors & pixels]). Control abstraction in the case of structured programming is the use of subprograms and formatted control flows to simulate desired concepts of surreal features or interactions in reality or abstract world. Data abstraction is to allow for handling data bits in meaningful manners. For example, it is the basic motivation behind datatype. Object-oriented programming can be seen as an attempt to abstract both data and code.
Abstraction (mathematics)・・数学
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying essence of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalising it so that it has wider applications. Many areas of mathematics began with the study of real world problems, before the underlying rules and concepts were identified and defined as abstract structures. For example, geometry has its origins in the calculation of distances and areas in the real world; statistics has its origins in the calculation of probabilities in gambling; and algebra started with methods of solving problems in arithmetic.
Abstraction (sociology)・・社会学
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sociological Abstraction refers to the varying levels at which theoretical concepts can be understood. This idea is very similar to the philosophical understanding of abstraction. There are two basic levels of sociological abstraction: sociological concepts and operationalized sociological concepts. A sociological concept is a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form. An example of a mental construct is the idea of class, or the distinguishing of two groups based on their income, culture, power, or some other defining characteristic(s). Concepts can remain abstract or can be operationalized. Operationalizing a sociological concept takes it to the concrete level by defining how one is going to measure it. Thus, with the concept of class one could operationalize it by actually measuring people's income. Once operationalized, you have a concrete representation of a sociological concept.
Water abstraction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Water abstraction, water extraction, or groundwater abstraction is the process of taking water from any source, either temporarily or permanently. Most water is used for irrigation or treatment to produce drinking water. Depending on the environmental legislation in the relevant country, controls may be placed on abstraction to limit the amount of water that can be removed. Over abstraction can lead to rivers drying up or the level of groundwater aquifers reducing unacceptably. The science of hydrogeology is used to assess safe abstraction levels.
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